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Rossian Federation

Last modified: 1997-09-08 by zeljko heimer
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The list is compiled from the list of Russian SFSR subdivisions as of Jan. 1, 1975 Source: Great Soviet Encyclopedia (English issue 1984); posted by mark sensen

Organization of Rossian Federation

The old Soviet Union (USSR) comprised fifteen Soviet Socialist Republics, or 'Union' republics. These were, in theory, separate states which 'voluntarily' came together to form the USSR. This of course was a fiction since most of the Union republics were forcibly annexed by the Red Army. However, from the end of 1989 until the formal winding up of the USSR on 26 December 1991, the individual republics started calling the USSR's bluff by declaring themselves independent - as the Soviet constitution said they were entitled to do. The first to formally declare itself independent was Lithuania on 11 March 1990, subsequently followed by all other fourteen SSRs - including Russia. Most of these SSRs joined a loose collective of states, the Commonwealth of Independent States.

As a result of this process, all fifteen of the old SSRs are now internationally recognized independent states. They are:

Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelorus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgysia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tadjikistan, Turmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

The Russian Federation was recognized as the 'successor' state to the USSR, and inherited its seat at the UN Security Council. Those interested in historical anomalies might like to note that two other SSRs, Byelorus and Ukraine, did not have to apply for UN membership, since they had enjoyed that status since the UN was set up in 1945. This was done at the insistence of Stalin, on the grounds that India and the Philippines, both then non-independent territories, were full members of the UN. Conversely, although their annexation to the USSR was never recognized by the West, the three Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia were not members of the UN, although they continued to operate diplomatically recognized legations in a number of western capitals.

Below the SSRs in the old Soviet heirarchy were territories designated Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (ASSRs) and below them various autonomous regions and territories. Most of these sub-divisions were within the Russian Federated Soviet Socialist Republic - now the Russian Federation. Because these regions played almost no international role and were rarely, if ever, reported upon, they are virtually unknown in the west. However, with the rise of interethnic conflicts and political tension in regions such as Chechnya and Abkhazia, we are likely to hear more of them in future.

Unlike the SSRs, the ASSRs did not have the right, even in theory, to break away from the USSR. In the dying days of the Soviet Union, there was a general move by the regions to 'upgrade' their status. Thus SSRs declared themselves independent, ASSRs declared themselves SSRs, regions proclaimed themselves ASSRs and so-forth. Many regions announced themselves to be 'sovereign' - a term not satisfactorily elaborated upon in domestic or international law. There are also various separatist or ethnic movements in existance, some of whom have unveiled flags of their own.

The result is a highly confused pattern, with some regions - like Chechnya - demanding outright independence, and others seemingly content to remain parts of larger states. Most of the regions within Russia have in practice become 'constituent republics' of the new Russian Federation.

Stuart Notholt

Stuart Northolt has successfully summarised the post-USSR situation but it might be pointed out that only 21 of the units from the long list of ones which allegedly have flags are recognised in the Russian Federation. These include Chechnya (although not the breakaway government) and as a consequence Ingushetia, which was previously linked to it. We have a colour printout showing the flags of all of these in their most up to date form. The sheet includes Adygei, which is as described by S. Notholt, except that our version has only 12 stars in total.

The recognised members of the Russian Federation are: Adygei, Altai, Bashkortostan, Buryat, Daghestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Bolkaria, Kalmyckia, Karacheyevo-Cherkessia, Karelia, Komi, Mari El, Mordvinia, Sakha (formerly Yakutia), North Ossetia, Tatartstan, Tuva, Udmurtia, Khakass,Chuvash and Chechenya. All of these except Mordvinia have fine new flags. The Bolkars, although not a republic in themselves, also have a flag. A new book has just appeared on the subject of the history of the flags of Karelia, unfortunately entirely in Russian. Besides the 21 republics there are 6 territories, 11 autonomous areas and 2 cities of federal status. It is the flags of the Territories and Autonomous Areas that are subject to doubt.

William Crampton

List of Federal Republics in Rossian Federation

According my files these are the 21 Rossian republics and the dates when the coat of arms and the flags were adopted:

No. Federal Republic Flag adopted Coat-of-arms adopted
01.Adygei 23.03.199224.03.1992
02.Altai 03.03.199306.10.1993
03.Bashkortostan25.02.199212.10.1993
04.Buryatia 29.10.199220.04.1995
05.Checheniahas flaghas arms
06.Chuvashia29.04.199229.04.1992
07.Dagestan26.02.199420.10.1994
08.Ingushetia21.03.1993has arms
09.Karbardino-Balkaria21.07.1994has arms
10.Kalmykia (Khalm T'ang)30.07.199330.07.1993
11.Karachay-Cherkess03.02.199403.02.1994
12.Karelia16.02.199325.10.1993
13.Khakassia08.07.199208.07.1992
14.Komi06.06.199406.06.1994
15.Marii El03.09.199221.01.1993
16.Mordovia????
17.North Ossetia - Alania10.12.1991 24.11.1994
18.Sakha (Yakutia)14.10.199226.12.1992
19.Tatarstan29.11.199107.02.1992
20.Tuva17.09.1992??
21.Udmurtia03.12.199326.04.1994
Jos Poels 10-JUL-95

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